一个新兴资产阶级(中国国家性质）

An emergent capitalist class
一个新兴资产阶级
IN CHINA, THE former Maoist-Stalinist state has used its massive power to ‘breed’ a Chinese capitalist class. The regime has adapted the state to the transition to capitalism. While the state retains considerable power, the new capitalist forces are, at this stage, an emergent social class in the process of formation. The Chinese capitalist class is made up of diverse elements, from small family businesses to the owners of giant corporations. It lacks social cohesion and as yet has not developed any independent political representation.

在中国，前毛泽东斯大林主义国家利用其强大的政权'培育'一个中国资产阶级。该政权已使国家适应向资本主义的过渡。虽然国家保留了相当大的权力，在这一阶段，新的资本主义势力是一个处在形成过程中的新兴的社会阶层。中国资产阶级是由从小型家族企业的业主到大公司的多种类型构成的。它缺乏社会凝聚力，还没有发展出任何独立的政治代表。
Before Deng’s market measures in 1978, private enterprise was officially illegal and there were hardly any capitalists, apart from black-marketeers. Successive pro-market measures under Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao opened the doors wider and wider to the growth of capitalist forces, inevitably encouraging the emergence of new strata of capitalists.
在1978年邓小平推出市场措施之前，民营企业是非法的，那时几乎没有任何资本家，除了黑市商人 。接着邓小平推出支持市场的措施，江泽民，胡锦涛更广泛地向资本主义势力的增长敞开大门，这不可避免地鼓励新的资本家阶层的出现。

The first large contingent of capitalists came from the layer of peasants who enriched themselves on the basis of Deng’s pro-market reforms in the countryside. As market opportunities widened, many small family traders and professionals developed businesses. A substantial section of the capitalists are former CCP officials and ex-bosses of SOEs, who have used their power and influence (and resources plundered from the state) to set themselves up in business. Many retain close links with party and state bureaucrats.
第一批资本家来自在邓小平于农村地区推出支持市场的改革的基础上使自己富裕起来的农民阶层。随着市场机会的扩大，许多个体户和专业人士开始了商业活动。有相当部分的资本家是前中共官员和前国有企业的老板，谁利用他们的权力和影响力（从国家掠夺资源）来创业。许多人和党和国家的官僚保持密切的联系。
Moreover, the composition of the emergent capitalist class is still quite fluid. There are signs that many of the small businesses of the first phase are now being squeezed out by much bigger businesses that are increasingly dominating the economy.
此外，新兴资产阶级的组成仍然相当不稳定。有迹象表明，第一阶段的许多小型企业正在被越来越多地统治经济的更大的企业挤出去。
Many big businesses have links with state-owned firms, overseas Chinese big business and transnational corporations. Prominent among the big-business elite are the ‘princelings’, the children of top party officials. Some of the wealthiest and most rapacious capitalists are the property developers, who have already accumulated unimaginable wealth on the basis of appropriating state land and feverish property speculation. Last year, the Hurun Report recorded over 100 US dollar billionaires in China (compared to 24 in Japan). According to another report, 90% of the billionaires are the children of senior CCP-state officials.
许多大企业都与国有企业，海外中国大企业和跨国公司有联系。其中最突出的大商界精英是'太子党' ，高官的儿女。一些最富有，最贪婪的资本家是在国有土地升值和狂热的房地产投机的基础上积累无法想象的财富的房地产开发商。去年，胡润富豪榜记录了百中国名亿万富翁（相比而言，日本是24名） 。另据报道， 90 ％的富豪是中共高级国家官员的儿女。

Surveys report many complaints against the regime from the capitalists, especially small business-people: their property rights are not secure; they find it too hard to get loans from the banks (which favour SOEs and big business); they are over-taxed; and their profits are undermined by corruption; etc. A few would like to throw off the constraints imposed by the present regime and see the introduction of a big-business government. The great majority, however, are grateful to the regime for introducing a social framework in which capitalism can develop. Above all, they rely on the regime to maintain ‘political stability’, to protect them from the growing, super-exploited working class. Many capitalists pay lip service to the idea of democracy, but consider that it is ‘too early for China to become democratic’.
许多调查报告了来自资本家尤其是小企主的对该政权的抱怨：他们的财产权利没有得到保障;他们发现他们也很难向银行贷款（贷款往往有利于国有企业和大企业） ;他们遭到过度征税;以及他们的利润受到腐败的损害等等，少数人想摆脱当前政权的限制并希望引入一个大企业的政府。然而，绝大多数人对该政权在中国引入可以发展资本主义的社会的框架而感恩戴德。首先，它们依靠该政权来保持政治稳定，保护他们免受日益增长的被超级剥削的工人阶级的反抗。许多资本家嘴上支付民主的想法，而又认为这是'中国民主化为时尚早'

Many capitalists have joined the CCP or the CCP-sponsored ‘democratic parties’ as a way of lobbying for their interests. According to official surveys, over 30% of private entrepreneurs are now members of the CCP. “The CCP already counts 2.86 million employers and employees from private enterprise in its ranks and 800,000 independent entrepreneurs, as well as 40% of all heads of private and individual enterprises”. (Jean-Louis Rocca, A Middle Class Party, Le Monde Diplomatique, English edition, August 2008) Now the CCP is trying to recruit among the employees of the 600,000 foreign companies operating in China. This is not a takeover of the CCP by capitalists, but rather an effort by the CCP leadership to co-opt capitalists in order to exert political control over this emergent class. At the same time, the CCP also strives to maintain political control of the various business associations that have developed over recent years.
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许多资本家加入了共产党或共产党主办的'民主党派'作为一种途径来为他们的利益游说。据官方调查， 30 ％以上的民营企业家现在是中共的成员。 “中共已有286万来自民营企业的雇主和雇员成为其成员以及80万独立的企业家，而且私营和个体企业所有老板的40 ％成为了中共党员” 。 （Jean-Louis Rocca，一个中产阶级的党，Le Monde Diplomatique的英文版， 2008年8月）现在，中共试图招募60万在中国运营的外国公司中的员工成为其党员。这不是一个资本家接管中共的过程，而是中共领导层努力增选资本家以便对这一新兴阶级的施加政治控制。与此同时，中共还努力保持对最近几年发展起来的各种行业协会的政治控制。
In our view, the analysis presented here shows that China is a ‘hybrid’ state, still in the process of transition towards capitalism, not a ‘fully’ capitalist state. As Barry Naughton, a pro-capitalist economist, puts it: “Despite the enormous distance already traversed, China still has several steps to go in the creation of a high-functioning market economy”. (The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth, 2007, p326)

在我们看来，这里的分析表明中国是一个'混合的'国家，仍处于走向资本主义的转型过程中，而不是一个'完全'的资本主义国家。正如作为一个支持资本主义的经济学家的巴里诺顿（Barry Naughton）所说的： “尽管已经越过了很长的路，中国在建立起一个高效运作的市场经济之路上仍然有几步要走” 。 （《中国经济：转变与成长》， 2007 ， p326 ）